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From: https://www.carnegie.org/topics/topic-articles/voting-rights/voting-rights-timeline/ |
If you’ve been reading my posts lately, or if you’ve been
reading fivethirtyeight or WaPo or pretty much any other credible election
analysis, you already know Biden/Harris have a major lead in the national polls
and are on pace to win going away in the Electoral College as well. But you also know the trumps are going to
cheat like mad, and that you can’t have any confidence in the federal courts to
correct any election shenanigans because even the 2000 SCOTUS failed to do so
and things are much worse now.
Electoral cheating seems to defy any kind of meaningful analysis. How can we possibly analyze the impacts of trumpchief
when we don’t know what kind of cheating they are going to engage in, how they are
going do it, or where? Well, I propose
we work backwards: find the most realistic ways cheating could deliver the trumps
an electoral victory, and then figure out what approaches the trumps might take
to produce those kinds of outcomes.
The first step in devising an illegitimate campaign strategy
for a presidential candidate seems to be figuring out how far you can get with
a legitimate one. For 45, that appears
to top-out somewhere between about 125 - 247 electoral votes; 45 can count on AK,
ID, MT, WY, UT, ND, SD, NE, KS, OK, LA, AR, MO, MS, AL, TN, SC, KY, IN, WV, and
then is in a dogfight for TX, IA, OH, NC, GA, and FL. Thus, for cheating to stand a chance of helping
you, it would need to deliver at least 23 electoral votes (i.e., enough,
coupled with your 247 max from legitimate electioneering, to take the College).
If we assume 45 gets the legitimate maximum of 247 EVs, let’s
see what states are left: HI, WA, CA, NV, AZ, CO, NM, MN, WI, MI, IL, VA, DC, MD,
DE, PA, NJ, NY, CT, RI, MA, NH, VT, ME.
Lots of these are deep blue states where hardly any amount of electoral shenanigans
could conceivable swing the result. If
we just arbitrarily use a 10% lead as our cutoff, then Biden can safely count
on California (+28.8%), Maryland (+28.3%), Massachusetts (+37.5%), Colorado
(+12%), Virginia (+13%), Washington (+22%), Connecticut (+30%), DC (+78%),
Illinois (+18%), Oregon (+19.5%), Rhode Island (+37%), Vermont (+35%), Hawai’i (+33%),
New Jersey (+17.5%), Maine (+10.5%), New Mexico (+14%), Delaware (+22.5%), and
New York (+22.5%) no matter what happens.
New Hampshire and Wisconsin are pretty damn close at Biden +9.8% (NH)
and Biden +9.4% (WI) respectively, but we said 10% so we’ll keep them in play—especially
since Wisconsin seems to be one of the places where the cheating is most likely
expected to occur.
Okay, so let’s see which states are left:
o Arizona
(Biden +1.4%, 11 EV)
o Nevada
(Biden +6.4%, 6 EV)
o Michigan
(Biden +7.7%, 16 EV)
o Minnesota
(Biden +8.8%, 10 EV)
o Pennsylvania
(Biden +3.6%, 20 EV)
o Wisconsin
(Biden +9.4%, 10 EV)
o New
Hampshire (Biden +9.8%, 4 EV)
Together, this set of states holds
77 electoral votes—or more than three times the number of EVs needed to flip
the election (from a 247 EV starting point).
So, what kind of shenanigans would 45 need to pull off in order to actually
make that happen?
A few foundational points. First, since we’re cheating the usual birds-of-a-feather
reasoning (e.g, if candidate X wins a state then he is also more likely to win
other culturally
similar states) goes out the window. That means, of course, that if the trumps steal
Wisconsin, it says nothing about voters in Michigan, Pennsylvania, or Ohio. It might suggest maybe that voters in the
sister states prefer Biden, or the trumps wouldn’t have needed to steal the
cheese state in the first place. But that
really just brings us to our second point: the trumps will need to decide in
advance where to do their cheating, since if they were going to win a close state
anyway they wouldn’t necessary know ahead of time.
Next, it’s noteworthy that nearly
70 million ballots have already been cast—a figure that represents more than
50% of the 130 million or so ballots cast overall in the 2016 election. These early votes are believed to heavily favor
Biden—by about a 3:1 ratio overall. While
there are some significant state-by-state
fluctuations, by and large 45 is going to head into election day with a
major deficit and will need people to be able to vote in large numbers. The trumps already appear to be trying to
reduce this advantage by preventing states from being
able to actually count all those ballots.
But this still takes any kind of wholesale, “cancel the election” type
of interventions—whether nationwide or in entire states—off the table. Rather, the trumps will need to target their
cheating on some specific places. But
which places would those be?
Since the trumps need to suppress
Biden voting on election day while enabling their own voters to come to the
polls, they need some way of being able to tell which ones are which. The following chart is a bit dated (from
August 2020), but points to a few key demographic differences:
According to the chart, women also
appear to favor Biden by over 20 points.
But that doesn’t do the trumps’ cheating plan any good because how are you
going to keep women from voting while still allowing men to do so?
The chart also shows Biden with a large
advantage among voters under age 45. While
this suggests the trumps could make some hay depressing voting on college campuses
and other places heavily populated by younger persons, for the most part communities
aren’t segregated enough by age to make a viable strategy out of this (especially
since college students themselves often remain registered in their home towns,
which may well be out-of-state). On top of
that, more recent evidence shows Biden is
killing it with voters over 65—to the tune of a 27-point advantage. Guess that’s what happens when
you stop collecting the taxes that fund Social Security and Medicare. So really, this means the sweet spot for the
trumps are just the middle-aged voters (aged 46-64). Good luck figuring out a way to cherry pick a
group like that.
That leaves just one obvious
approach from the chart above: race.
Nonwhite voters favor Biden 68-26, and among Black voters the margin is more
like 84-10 and expected to wind up at least around 90% for Biden in the
end. So if the trumps can keep enough
Black voters from rocking it on 11/3, then they might be able to steal the
election. Let’s have another look at
the states where this strategy might be deployed.
o Arizona
(Biden +1.4%, 11 EV)
o Nevada
(Biden +6.4%, 6 EV)
o Michigan
(Biden +9.4%, 16 EV)
o Minnesota
(Biden +8.8%, 10 EV)
o Pennsylvania
(Biden +3.6%, 20 EV)
o Wisconsin
(Biden +9.4%, 10 EV)
o New
Hampshire (Biden +9.8%, 4 EV)
In order to steal the election by
keeping Black voters from the polls, the first thing you need to have is for
there to be enough black voters in your state to close the gap you’re facing. A few of these states are lily white places
where that isn’t going to be the case.
For example, in 2016, New
Hampshire’s voting age population was just under 1,060,000 persons—and just
1.4% Black. So that’s about 15,000
potential Black voters in New Hampshire, a state Cheetchot trails 53%-43%--or
about 107,000 voters. So even if every
single Black voter in New Hampshire favored Biden and the trumps successfully
kept every single one of them from the polls, Biden still takes the state by
roughly 92,000 votes. Thus, cheating in
New Hampshire isn’t likely to do the trumps any good—and with just 4 EV at
stake, probably not worth he effort anyway.
A more typical example might be Minnesota,
which has about 470,000 Black residents, or about 8.3% of the state’s 5.6
million population (of which about 4.3 million are of voting age). Biden leads Minnesota 51%-42%, or about 387,000
votes. So while the trumps could theoretically
swing Minnesota by suppressing Black voters, the task looks damn near
impossible. Even assuming 100% turnout
among Black voters, about 10% of them would be voting for DT anyway, so they would
need to suppress more than 91% of the remaining 423,000. And even though the vast majority of Black
Minnesotans are concentrated in and around the Twin Cities, that would still require
suppressing votes across a five-county area (Hennepin, Ramsey, Anoka,
Washington, and Dakota Counties).
For the trumps to steal the election
by suppressing Black votes, then, they need to do it places where two things are
true: (1) there are lots of Black voters, and (2) 45’s deficit is small enough
that suppressing a large portion of the Black vote could realistically change
the outcome. There appear to be two
possible candidates on the list above: Arizona and Pennsylvania.
Arizona doesn’t have a very large African-American
population—just about 5.2% of the state.
But with roughly 7.3 million people overall, that translates to about 380,000
people. Among the voting age population,
Arizona has 5.5 million total, about 286,000 of whom are Black. But Biden’s lead in Arizona is slim—at the
time of this writing only about 47.8%-46.4%.
That’s a margin of only about 77,000 voters. What’s more, Arizona’s Black population is
concentrated in Maricopa County—so the trumps would only need to suppress Black
voting in one county to potentially flip the state. Granted, Maricopa County is over 9,200 square
miles (about the same size as Vermont)—but still. Suppress voting in Maricopa County, and the
rest of Arizona can carry the state for Cheetochet.
Michigan and Pennsylvania each
have Black populations of around 1.4 million, with multiple Black population
centers scattered around each state. But
while polls show Biden leading Michigan by about 768,000 votes, his margin in Pennsylvania
is only around 360,000. The City of
Philadelphia alone has almost 650,000 Black residents—so suppressing the Black
vote there could potentially change the outcome of the Pennsylvania race. By comparison, the largest Black population
center in Michigan is Detroit, with over 522,000 Black residents—not enough, by
themselves, to cost Biden the Mitten if blocked from the polls.
Together, Arizona and Pennsylvania
account for 31 electoral votes. Were Cheetochet
to steal both those states through illegal suppression of Black voters, he would
take the Electoral College and wouldn’t even need Iowa to do so. But how can the trumps suppress voting in a
City as large as Philadelphia, or a county so vast as Maricopa?
I don’t know. But the two most obvious possibilities appear
to be (a) some type of military action or martial law declaration, likely based
on some kind of public safety or national security pretext (“anitifa is invading
us from the sky!”) or (b) unofficial action by militias and white supremacists
to disrupt voting at urban/heavily-Black polling places.
Without any ability to rely on the
courts, the most likely way to defeat these kinds of attacks would be through
early and absentee-voting. If the large
majority of Black voters in Philadelphia and Phoenix have already cast their ballots
by the time the Proud Boys or Trump's kidnap vans arrive, all that will be left to do is count up the
votes.
Unfortunately, all of this points
to a possible other strategy: that rather than focusing on race specifically, the
trumps could look to suppress urban voters more generally—as they are more
likely to support Democratic candidates irrespective of race. This perhaps opens up more potential polling
sites for violent trumps to target on election day—but at the same time, the
call for such a paramilitary (or military) assault on democracy is probably
more likely to succeed if focused on two specific locations (e.g., Philadelphia
and Maricopa County) than against ambiguously diffused “urban” voting places.
That we must worry about any of
this is, frankly, absurd and unacceptable.
But we do. Vote early, Philly and
Phoenix. And protect the polls.